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Since Burundi's independence in 1962, there have been two events called genocides in the country. The 1972 mass killings of Hutus by the Tutsi-dominated army,〔Staff. (pastgenocides, Burundi resources ) on the website of Prevent Genocide International lists the following resources: *Michael Bowen, ''Passing by;: The United States and genocide in Burundi'', 1972, (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1973), 49 pp. *René Lemarchand, ''Selective genocide in Burundi'' (Report - Minority Rights Group ; no. 20, 1974), 36 pp. *Rene Lemarchand, ''Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide'' (New York: Woodrow Wilson Center and Cambridge University Press, 1996), 232 pp. *Edward L. Nyankanzi, ''Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi'' (Schenkman Books, 1998), 198 pp. *Christian P. Scherrer, ''Genocide and crisis in Central Africa : conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war''; foreword by Robert Melson. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2002. *Weissman, Stephen R. "(Preventing Genocide in Burundi Lessons from International Diplomacy )", United States Institute of Peace 〕 and the 1993 mass killings of Tutsis by the majority-Hutu populace are both described as genocide in the final report of the International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi presented to the United Nations Security Council in 2002.〔International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002). Paragraphs 85,496.〕 ==Background== (詳細はTwa (Mann, M., 2005. ''The Dark Side of Democracy,'' p. 431). For most of this period, the Tutsi maintained a near monopoly on senior government and military positions. Burundi gained its independence in 1962, and in May 1965 the first post-independence elections were held. The Hutu candidates scored a landslide victory, capturing 23 seats out of a total 33. But, instead of appointing a Hutu prime minister, the king Mwambutsa IV appointed one of his Tutsi friends. On October 18, 1965, Hutus, angry with the king's decision, attempted a coup. The king fled the country, but the coup ultimately failed. Years later, the weeks approaching April 29 in 1972 were rustling with political interest from the events related to the return of the former king, Ntare V. From complex of elements agitated with Byzantine intrigues, Ntare went to Uganda first. Uganda’s president, Idi Amin, claimed he received a written guarantee from president Micombero that Ntare could return to Burundi and live there as a private citizen. Using the helicopter at his disposal from the Uganda chief of state, Ntare arrived where he and his ancestors had ruled as kings, in March 1972. Within a few hours he was put under house arrest in the former palace in Gitega. Soon after, an official radio broadcast proclaimed that Ntare was trying to instigate a mercenary invasion of Burundi to take back rule. Some ministers favored that he would be kept under restricted protection in Gitega, while others wanted him dead. The situation was unofficially resolved when Ntare was assassinated sometime between Saturday evening, April 29, and the following morning, under circumstances which are still unclear. Whether there was a conspiracy or his death was involved with a violent outbreak in Gitega has not been determined. ==1972== On April 27, 1972, a rebellion led by some Hutu members of the gendarmerie broke out in the lakeside towns of Rumonge and Nyanza-Lac; they declared the "Martyazo Republic".〔Lemarchand (1996), (p. 89 )〕〔Lemarchand, (2008). Section "B - Decision-Makers, Organizers and Actors"〕 Countless atrocities were reported by eyewitnesses, and the armed Hutu insurgents proceeded to kill every Tutsi in sight, as well as the Hutus who refused to join the rebellion.〔Totten, (p. 325 )〕 It is estimated that during this initial Hutu outbreak, anywhere from 800 to 1200 people were killed.〔Lemarchand, (2008). Section "B - Decision-Makers, Organizers and Actors" cites (Chrétien Jean-Pierre and Dupaquier, Jean-Francois, 2007, ''Burundi 1972: Au bord des génocides'', Paris: L’Harmattan. p. 106)〕 President Michel Micombero (Tutsi) proclaimed martial law; his armed forces killed Hutus en masse.〔Lemarchand (1996, p. 97〕 The initial phases of the genocide were clearly orchestrated, with lists of targets including the Hutu educated—the elite—and the militarily trained. Once this had been completed, the Tutsi-controlled army moved against the larger civilian populations. The Tutsi-controlled government authorities originally estimated that roughly 15,000 had been killed, while Hutu opponents claimed number was much closer to 300,000.〔 Today, estimates hover in between these two figures, at between 80,000 to 210,000 killed.〔White, Matthew. (Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century: C. Burundi (1972-73, primarily Hutu killed by Tutsi) 120,000 )〕〔International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002). Paragraph 85. "The Micombero regime responded with a genocidal repression that is estimated to have caused over a hundred thousand victims and forced several hundred thousand Hutus into exile"〕 Several hundred thousand Hutu are estimated to have fled the genocide into Zaire, Rwanda, and Tanzania.〔〔Longman, (p. 12 )〕 During 29–30 April, the Burundi (Hutu) armed rebels allied with Zairian (Zaire) exiles (mulelists) and attacked southern Burundi, Gitega, and Bujumbura. They were trying to make a Hutu-dominated republic and get rid of the Tutsis. The Hutu government states there were about 50,000 deaths, the majority being Tutsis. However, most observers of the event believe that the figure of 50,000 is greatly exaggerated. Observers also concluded evidence that there was an attempt of Hutu elements to overthrow the government of Micombero. There was around 4-5 thousand Hutus involved in this attack. They did not have a count, but estimated 3,000 Tutsis killed within the first week. There is no evidence that Mulelists were involved with the violence but Mulelists signs, garb, and chants were used. This was part of a historical pattern of majority group resenting domination by a minority. Burundi was declared to be a disaster area on May 1. After using $25,000 from the aid contingency fund of the World Disaster Relief Account, Burundi asked the United States for another $75,000, which was immediately granted. Most of the money was used to purchase goods locally or from nearby countries; items included blankets, two ambulances, food, clothes and transportation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Burundian Genocide」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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